|
Earthquakes in a classical sense originate from the rapid
release of elastic energy caused by the rupture of rock
in the earth. Damaging effects due to an earthquake arise
(i) from a source outcropping directly at the earths surface,
(ii) from the radiated seismic waves. In practice the
second effect is the most important. It occurs more frequently
and the area shattered by seismic waves is by far larger
than the zone which could be hit by an outcropping source.
In ShakyGround we focus, therefore, on the effects caused
by the radiation of seismic waves. The simulation of the
seismic source in ShakyGround follows a stochastic concept
as it has been proposed by Hanks & McGuire (1981)
and Boore (1983). The source signal, in terms of ground
acceleration, is generated as a sequence of gaussian distributed
random numbers. The general characteristics of the seismic
source are represented by applying a window function in
the time domain and filtering the signal with respect
to the spectral properties of the seismic source. The
concept thus reflects the high variability typically in
most accelerograms, which can be reconducted to heterogeneities
of the source (the so-called 'barriers' or 'asperities',
schematically indicated by the red spots in the figure).
On the other hand, the deterministic frame parameters,
like source dimension (represented here by the length
L and the width W) and the average dislocation D, are
accounted for by the window function and the spectral
filtering.
|